Slave Oppression - 3341 Words

Slave Oppression During the 19th century, slavery was an extremely dehumanizing period. The complete control over another human being’s life brought many hardships and disappointments. Families were separated and, for African-Americans, the slave era was extremely depressing. Slaves were often beaten, or killed for the simple incompletion of a task. Women had no rights and were used for cooking, for cleaning, and for the creation and nurturing of babies. There were often instances of lynching and burnings of African-Americans simply because of their skin color. Slavery is uniquely American because it plays a major role of the formation of The United States today. During this time period, slave masters had the complete control over a†¦show more content†¦Mr. Norton is putting pressure on the Invisible Man by explaining the significance of the Invisible Man’s success. Ralph Ellison uses the IM to demonstrate the difficulty of equal treatment, even though the IM is a college stude nt. There is no leniency or respect for the Invisible Man because he is African American. The IM experiences many struggles, but Ernest Gaines demonstrated the same idea of struggle in The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. Similar to the IM, Jane Pittman faces the struggle of freedom when the Proclamation was passed freeing slaves. Unc Isom, a man that is considered an advisor to the other slaves on the plantation. He asks, â€Å"What’s we to do?†(Gaines 13) as a result of the blacks not knowing how to live a life of freedom. Jane Pittman attempts to go to Ohio with Ned, but she soon realizes they did not have anywhere to stay, nor was she able to provide for Ned or herself. As a result, she decides to stay at the plantation. Earnest Gaines is demonstrating the immediate struggle of free African Americans because they do not know how to operate outside of an oppressive society as he â€Å"becomes increasingly concerned with black history and black community† (Hicks). He uses Unc Isom early in the book to capture the reader’s attention to the robotic mindset the blacks carry. Unc Isom is a man in his eighty’s that knew only the life of a slave. He is trapped in the sla ve mentalityShow MoreRelatedAmerican South And German Imperialism Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pageswere considered free, after abolition, they were not. After the Civil War, the government created alternatives to free labor. The first choice was previous slaves becoming farmers, who were internally colonized. Sharecropping was another idea, where the farmers had to sign contracts. They were voluntarily oppressing themselves. Previous slaves were free in the sense that they were able to choose who oppressed them. This idea was similar in Germany, where the Polish had to sign contracts and pay mortgageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Simultaneity Of Oppression 1364 Words   |  6 PagesMidterm Response Discuss and critically analyze the â€Å"simultaneity of oppression† if one group is oppressed, can anybody be free? In the schematic hierarchy of race and sex, is the dominant group â€Å"free,† at the expense of the oppressed groups, or unfree, even if materially empowered? Does it make sense to argue that â€Å"white women† are freer, or less free, than â€Å"black men†? The concept of the â€Å"simultaneity of oppression† is relatively unknown, even within today’s modern society. While there are surelyRead MoreThe Charity Bowery By Lydia Maria Child1650 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough slaves were able to obtain religious agency, they were still oppressed due to the different kinds of abuse they experienced such as emotional abuse. In Charity Bowery by Lydia Maria Child, Child is retelling a story of an aged colored woman, Charity Bowery, from New York. In Bowery’s story she says, â€Å"Sixteen children I’ve had, first and last; and twelve I’ve nursed for my mistress. From the time my first baby was born, I always set my heart upon buying freedom for some of my children. IRead MoreEssay Acquiescence: Employment and School Schedule1146 Words   |  5 PagesAcquiescence In Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Three Ways of Meeting Oppression† Dr. King gives us three ways in which oppressed people such as African Americans dealt with their oppression. The first one is acquiescence in which individuals let themselves get dragged into their own oppression. If one accepts their oppression it simply means that they are proving to the oppressor that one is inferior. The second way that oppression is dealt with is violence. Violence does not solve any issues withinRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1256 Words   |  6 PagesOpressing The Opressed From the days of the cavemen to now, societies have systematically oppressed people for various reasons. Oppression has happened to Jews in Germany, slaves during Christopher Columbus’s days, slaves in the early 1900s in America, etc. When people systematically oppress one another, it leads to internal oppression of the oppressed. This is evident in Margaret Atwood’s book, The Handmaid’s Tale. This dystopian fiction book is about a young girl, Offred, who lives in Gilead, aRead MoreNon-Violent Resistance: The Stoppable Ways982 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we were born into different lifestyles yet we do not know much about ourselves, especially how we, oppressed people, can deal things in a non-violent resistance. According to Martin Luther King’s Three Ways of Meeting Oppression, he reveals how we can deal with our oppression in three characteristic ways – non-violent resistance, violent resistance and acquiescence. He believes that these three ways are indispensable, which he must organize himself into a militant, nonviolent and mass movementRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Band Played On 1261 Words   |  6 Pagescommunity experienced, the plight of the medical community in investigating the disease and the issue of government response to it. The movie contains various forms of oppression, especially to the gay community. The US government did not support the gay community and, as a result, AIDs was associated with them which brought about oppression against sexual orientation (Curran, 56). When AIDs has discovered the gay community suffered at the hands of social alienation, the name AIDs singled out the gay communityRead MoreOvercoming Oppression and Exploitation - Langston Hughes Poems and James Camerons Avatar1566 Words   |  7 PagesOppression and exploitation has been present in our world as far back as one can remember. The dictionary definition states that ‘Oppression is the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. It can also be defined as an act or instance of oppressing, the state of being oppressed, and the feeling of being heavily burdened, mentally or physically, by troubles, adverse conditions, and anxiety.’ People who feel oppressed can react in very diverse and opposing ways. SomeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Novel Fat Girl 1405 Words   |  6 Pageswomen exist on earth to serve man’s needs, whether sexual, social, marital, or domestic. Being a man, that is â€Å"having a penis is certainly a privileged† (Beauvoir 294). 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Operation Management Free Essays

agement AEREN FOUNDATION’S Maharashtra Govt. Reg. No. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now : F-11724 [pic] SUBJECT : OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Total Marks : 80 CASE-1 (16 Marks) Bloomsday Outfitters produces T-shirts for road races. They need to acquire some new stamping machines to produce 30,000 good T-shirts per month. Their plant operates 200 hours per month, but the new machines will be used for T-shirts only 60 percent of the time and the output usually includes 5 percent that are â€Å"seconds† and unusable. The stamping operation takes 1 minute per T-shirt, and the stamping machines are expected to have 90 percent efficiency considering adjustments, changeover of patterns, and unavoidable downtime. How many stamping machines are required? CASE-2 (16 Marks) In the table given below the Distribution Manager is expected to service these DCs as per the demands placed. If the actual sales after completing week one is as follows, what would be the quantities that would need amendment as far as Distribution Manager is concerned to service for week two and onwards? After week one the actual sales to Forecasted sales for week one ratio is as under: Mumbai did 80 % of forecast , Lucknow did 75 % of forecast Kolkata did 60 % of week one forecast Chennai did 125 % of forecast and Delhi did 150 % of week one forecast [pic] Note : Kolkata will receive transit stocks in week 2 . CASE-3 (16 Marks) After working for 30 years, Ramjee Somjee Dutt opted for VRS and started a courier company and did very well in the first four years. He was now looking for expansion of his business and decided to venture into Road transportation business between Chennai and Mumbai and Mumbai and Delhi as he felt that he could do well on this line. However before taking a final decision he hires your Management Consultant firm formed by yourself. He has requested you to work out the Price to quote his clients for these two routes considering the costs involved. He expects to earn a minimum profit of Rs 1000 per day per truck after meeting all expenses. Your analysis of market conditions tell you the following: Vehicle cost Rs 7 lacs Depreciation 15 % Maintenance costs per day Rs 150 Drivers monthly Salary Rs 5000 : Attendants monthly salary Rs 3000 . Misc expenses Rs 200 per day. Driver allowance is Rs 125 per day and attendant gets Rs 75. Diesel cost per liter is Rs 25 and the vehicle gives an average mileage of 4 km to a liter. The Financial institutions offer loans at 10 % interest pa, which Ramjee has been negotiating. It has been observed that on an average the vehicle covers 400 km per day. The distance between Mumbai to Delhi is 1500 km and Mumbai to Chennai is 1350 km. The driver gets rest day in Mumbai only for one day after they return from any trip. CASE-4 (16 Marks) A company is operating in two unrelated businesses. The first one is making common salt, which is sold in one-kilogram consumer packs. The second business is making readymade garments. The owner of the businesses has decided to implement Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) in one of the two businesses, which is likely to give him greater benefit. Assuming that the current turnover and profits of both the units are comparable, compare the relative benefits and limitations of Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) for these two businesses. CASE-5 (16 Marks) A Manufacturer of motorcycles buys spark plugs at Rs. 15 each. Now he wishes to manufacture the plugs in his own factory. The estimated cost for the manufacture of spark plugs is around Rs. 50,000=00 and the variable cost comes to Rs. 5 per spark plug. The Production Manager advises the Manufacturer that the factory should go for manufacturing instead of procuring them from the open market. List out reasons for the decision of the Production Manager backed up by the necessary data. ———————– AN ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED INTERNATIONAL B-SCHOOL How to cite Operation Management, Papers Operation Management Free Essays It is usually stated that ‘the structural decisions items of an operations strategy reflect the hardware of the firm, while the infrastructure decision areas represent the firm’s software’. Comparing structural decisions with the hardware of the firm and the infrastructure decisions as its software, it shows that the structural decisions are very important and the firm cannot exists without them because without a hardware computer would not exist and the software would have nothing to run on. Structural decisions involves a big investment decisions and it is very difficult to change these decisions without the significant financial losses, that is why structural decisions require detailed considerations about the operations across different countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally, structural decisions areas include: facilities decisions, capacity management, process technology and the supply network. On the other hand, infrastructural decisions are concerned with the management of the systems and procedures through which the physical assets operated. Also infrastructural decisions can be changed easier than structural decisions, but it still involves complex considerations. However, the infrastructural decisions deal with the most important part of the operation management: Planning and control. It is concerned with matching supply from the organization’s operations with demand from its customers. Also infrastructural decisions include Quality, Work Organization, Human Resources, New Product Development and Performance Measurement. Nevertheless, in the statement it seems that structural decisions are more important than the infrastructural decisions, because hardware seems to be more important than software. However, the computer cannot operate without both, so both of them are very important parts of the firm. How to cite Operation Management, Essay examples Operation Management Free Essays string(182) " following is an aid used to monitor jobs in process\? A\) A Gantt load chart B\) The assignment method C\) A Gantt schedule chart D\) Johnson’s rule E\) None of the above 20\." Which of the following best describes the strategic importance of short-term scheduling? A) Effective scheduling, through lower costs, faster delivery, and more dependable schedules, can provide a competitive advantage. B) Effective scheduling is a tactical tool for increasing demand to meet production. C) Forward scheduling looks to future demand levels in order to increase customer satisfaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now D) Aggregate planning is a tactical action, but short-term scheduling is strategic because of its immense impact on costs.E) Short-term scheduling matches capacity to demand during the short term, three to eighteen months into the future. 2. The three components that can lead to competitive advantage through effective scheduling are: A) aggregate planning, intermediate scheduling, and medium-term planning. B) forward scheduling, real-time scheduling, and backward scheduling. C) the item master file, the routing file, and the work-center master file. D) lower costs, faster delivery, and more dependable schedules. E) Gantt charts, Johnson’s rule and the Pareto principle. 3.A firm uses graphical techniques in its aggregate planning efforts. Over the next twelve months (its intermediate period) it estimates the sum of demands to be 105,000 units. The firm has 250 production days per year. In January, which has 22 production days, demand is estimated to be 11,000 units. A graph of demand versus level production will show that: A) the January requirement is below level production of 420 units. B) level production is approximately 1000 units per day. C) level production of 420 units per day is below the January requirement.D) level production is approximately 420 units per month. E) the firm must hire workers between December and January. 4. Which of the following statements regarding finite capacity scheduling (FCS) is false? A) Finite capacity scheduling allows delivery needs to be balanced against efficiency. B) Finite capacity scheduling overcomes the disadvantages of systems based exclusively on rules. C) Finite capacity scheduling allows virtually instantaneous change by operators. D) Finite capacity scheduling software formalizes the same data needed in any manual system. E) None; all of the above are true. . The number of kanbans is: A) one. B) the ratio of the reorder point to container size. C) the same as EOQ. D) one full day’s production. E) none of the above. 6. Which of the following techniques is not a technique for dealing with a bottleneck? A) Schedule throughput to match capacity of the bottleneck. B) Increase capacity of the constraint. C) Have cross-trained employees available to keep the constraint at full operation. D) Develop alternate routings. E) All are tools for dealing with bottlenecks. 7. A master production schedule (MPS) calls for 110 units of Product M. There are currently 30 of Product M on hand. Each M requires 4 of Component N. There are 20 units of N on hand. The net requirements for N are: A) 150. B) 170. C) 300. D) 320. E) 440. 8. Dependence on an external source of supply is found in which of the following aggregate planning strategies? A) Varying production rates through overtime or idle time B) Subcontracting C) Using part-time workers D) Back ordering during high demand periods E) Hiring and laying off 9. Five jobs are waiting to be processed. Their processing times and due dates are given below.Using the shortest processing time dispatching rule, in which order should the jobs be processed? |Job |Processing Time (days) |Job due date (days) | |A |4 |7 | |B |7 |4 | |C |8 |11 | |D |3 |5 | |E |5 |8 |A) A, B, C, D, E B) C, E, A, D, B C) B, D, A, E, C D) D, A, E, B, C E) C, E, A, D, B 10. Enterprise resource planning (ERP): A) seldom requires software upgrade or enhancement. B) does not integrate well with functional areas other than operations. C) is inexpensive to implement. D) automates and integrates the majority of business processes. E) all of the above. 11. Which of the following aggregate planning strategies is a â€Å"capacity option†? A) Influencing demand by changing price B) Counterseasonal product mixing C) Influencing demand by extending lead timesD) Changing inventory levels E) Influencing demand by back ordering 12. The probability that a product will function properly for a specified time under stated conditions is: A) functionality. B) maintenance. C) durability. D) reliability. E) fitness for use. 13. What lot-sizing technique is generally preferred when inventory holding costs are extremely high? A) Lot-for-lot. B) EOQ. C) Part-period balancing. D) The Wagner-Whitin algorithm. E) All of the above are appropriate for the situation. 14. MRP II is accurately described as: A) MRP software designed for services.B) MRP with a new set of computer programs that execute on microcomputers. C) MRP augmented by other resource variables. D) an enhancement of MRP that plans for all levels of the supply chain. E) a new generation of MRP software that extends MRP to planning and scheduling functions. 15. Ten high-technology batteries are tested for 200 hours each. One failed at 20 hours; all others completed the test. FR(%) is ________ and MTBF is ________. A) 10%; 1/1820 B) 90%; 1/1820 C) 10%; 1820 hours D) 10%; 1980 hours E) Cannot calculate from information provided 16. The typical time horizon for aggregate planning is:A) less than a month. B) up to 3 months. C) 3 to 18 months. D) over one year. E) over 5 years. 17. Which of the following aggregate planning strategies might direct your client to a competitor? A) Using part-time workers B) Subcontracting C) Changing inventory level D) Varying production rates through overtime or idle time E) Varying work force size by hiring or layoffs 18. Which of the following statements regarding MRP in services is true? A) MRP is for manufacturing only, and is not applicable to services. B) MRP can be used in services, but only those that offer very limited customization.C) MRP does not work in services because there is no dependent demand. D) Services such as restaurant meals illustrate dependent demand, and require product structure trees, bills-of-material, and scheduling. E) None of the above is true. 19. Which of the following is an aid used to monitor jobs in process? A) A Gantt load chart B) The assignment method C) A Gantt schedule chart D) Johnson’s rule E) None of the above 20. You read "Operation Management" in category "Papers" Which of the following is specifically characterized by a focus on continuous improvement, respect for people, and standard work practices?A) Just-in-time (JIT) B) Toyota Production System (TPS) C) Lean operations D) Material requirements planning (MRP) E) Kanban 21. Which of the following costs tend to be ignored in determining the optimal maintenance policy? A) Expected breakdown costs B) Preventive maintenance costs C) The costs associated with various levels of commitment to maintenance D) Cost of low morale E) all of the above 22. Which of these aggregate planning strategies adjusts capacity to match demand? A) Back ordering. B) Using part-time workers. C) Counterseasonal product mixing. D) Changing price.E) None of the above is a capacity option. 23. Which of these is among the demand options of aggregate planning? A) Subcontracting. B) Back-ordering during high-demand periods. C) Changing inventory levels. D) Varying workforce size. E) All of the above are demand options. 24. Which of these is not a characteristic that makes yield management attractive? A) Demand can be segmented B) Service can be sold in advance of consumption C) Capacity is easily changed D) Variable costs are low and fixed costs are high E) Demand fluctuates 25. Which one of the following statements about maintenance is true?A) The optimal degree of preventive maintenance is associated with zero breakdowns. B) Breakdown maintenance is proactive. C) Preventive maintenance is reactive. D) Preventive maintenance is limited to keeping machinery and equipment running. E) Human resources are a major component of effective maintenance management. Question 1 throughput time a) cost/price, quality, delivery speed, delivery reliability, and flexibility b) because the customer is involved c) rate at which flow units are output from the process d) time it takes a flow unit to get through the process nswer : d Question 2 essential functions of operations management: marketing, finance/accounting, operations a) variance; is a measure of how values are spread about the mean, often we talk about standard deviation, which is the square root of the varience b) events that slow down the output of an activity (by reducing the available time it can execute) equipment breakdowns, setups, worker unavailabitlity etc. c) as batch size becomes â€Å"larger† throughput time d) marketing: generates (detects) demand answer : d Question 3 observations about moving average ) over the long run, the average throughput rate of a process is always strictly less than its capacity this implies that utilization can never be 100% in the long run b) variance; is a measure of how values are spread about the mean, often we talk about standard deviation, which is the square root of the varience c) as batch size becomes â€Å"larger† throughput time increases, the firm is less responsive, to increase process capacity, better to focus on reducing set-up time rather than increase batch size d) responsiveness/stability of MA depends on n, the number of periods in the average MA lags data with significant trendsMA often effective for short term forecasting answer : d Question 4 measuring regression fit a) variance; is a measure of how values are spread about the mean, often we talk about standard deviatio n, which is the square root of the varience b) High R^2 value: R^2 the percentage of variability in Y that is explained by X R^2 is a unitless measure the closer that R^2 Low Syx value: Syx measures the c) responsiveness/stability of MA depends on n, the number of periods in the average MA lags data with significant trendsMA often effective for short term forecasting d) average throughput time increases with increases in utilization (barring other changes and does so sharply as utilization approaches 100% answer : b Question 5 quantitative forecasting a) number of flow units contained within the process measured in physical units or in dollars b) fraction of time that an activity is busy (not idle)= flow rate into activity/capactiy of activity c) time series models;gt; moving average, exponential smoothing, trend projections casual models;gt;linear regression ) labor: edu. ,diet, and sanitation capital: equipment, building management: tech, knowledge answer : c Question 6 measuring variability a) 1. define the process boundaries 2. list the steps 3. sequence the steps 4. complete the map using appropriate symbols to describe the actions, flows, and waiting b) variance; is a measure of how values are spread about the mean, often we talk about standard deviation, which is the square root of the varience c) Forecast error=Ai-Fi=Acutal-Forecast Mean absolute deviation (MAD)Graphically plot errors over time to detect bias or patterns d) measure of process improvement, represents output relative to input, total factor productivity $value of output/ cost of all inputs answer : b Question 7 queueing theory a) cost/price, quality, delivery speed, delivery reliability, and flexibility b) processing rate; throughput rate of an activity under ideal conditions (no detractors c) the science of waiting lines explains the effect of variability on a process d) increasing variability always degrades the performance of a system answer : cQuestion 8 variability propagation a) as batch size becomes â€Å"larger† throughput time increases, the firm is less responsive, to increase process capacity, better to focus on reducing set-up time rather than increase batch size b) forecasts are almost always wrong, the longer the forecast horizon, the less accurate the forecast will be, a good forecast is more than a single number forecasts should incorporate qualitative info aggregate forecasts are more accurate orecasts become worse the further up the supply chain c) variability early in a process routing increases flow time mroe than equivalent variability later in a process routing how variability is propagated depends on the relative utlizations of the different stages in the process d) events that slow down the output of an activity (by reducing the available time it can execute) equipment breakdowns, setups, worker unavailabitlity etc. answer : c Question 9 work-in-process inventory a) cost/price, quality, delivery speed, delivery reliability, and flexibi lity b) number of flow units contained within the process easured in physical units or in dollars c) 3 months to 2 years; sales and production planning, budgeting and cost projections, capacity planning d) labor: edu. ,diet, and sanitation capital: equipment, building management: tech, knowledge answer : b Question 10 medium range forecast a) correlation coefficient denoted R values range from -1 to 1 measures degree of association when x gets larger y does also b) 3 months to 2 years; sales and production planning, budgeting and cost projections, capacity planning c) model that characterizes the relationship between a dependent variable and variables. ) executive judgment, grass roots, market research, panel consensus, Delphi method historical analogy answer : b Question 11 qualitiative methods a) companies are constantly looking for people that know how to increase work place productivity b) executive judgment, grass roots, market research, panel consensus, delphi method, historical analogy c) labor: edu. ,diet, and sanitation capital: equipment, building management: tech, knowledge d) fraction of time that an activity is busy (not idle) = flow rate into activity/capactiy of activity answer : b Question 12 naive forecast a) executive judgment, grass roots, market research, panel consensus, delphi method, historical analogy b) processing rate; throughput rate of an activity under ideal conditions (no detractors c) companies are constantly looking for people that know how to increase work place productivity d) purely naive forecast for the next period is equal to observation from current period answer : D Question 13 productivity a) variability induced by process design etup times incurred between switching product or customer types the activity desgin facilitates simultaneous processing b) average throughput time increases with increases in utilization (barring other changes and does so sharply as utilization approaches 100% c) measure of process improvement, represents output relative to input, total factor productivity $value of output/ cost of all inputs d) model that characterizes the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables answer : CQuestion 14 utilization a) the science of waiting lines explains the effect of variability on a process b) time series models;gt; moving average, exponential smoothing, trend projections casual models;gt;linear regression c) fraction of time that an activity is busy (not idle) = flow rate into activity/capactiy of activity model that characterizes the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables answer : C Question 15 actual capacity ) increasing variability always degrades the performance of a system b) processing rate; throughput rate of an activity under ideal conditions (nodetractors c) =design capacity-detractors max avg throughput rate of a process d) time it takes a flow unit to get through the process answer : C Question 16 Why is service productivity lower? A) because the customer is involved B) averaging over the long-run: WIP=throughput rate*throughput time (I=R*T) C) ;gt;2 years; new product planning, facility location D) 2. 5% answer : A Question 17 productivity variablesA) processing rate; throughput rate of an activity under ideal conditions (no detractors B) the science of waiting lines explains the effect of variability on a process C) time series models;gt; moving average, exponential smoothing, trend projections casual models;gt;linear regression D) labor: edu. ,diet, and sanitation capital: equipment, building management: tech, knowledge answer : D Question 18 detractors A) events that slow down the output of an activity (by reducing the available time it can execute) equipment breakdowns, setups, worker unavailabitlity etc.B) variability induced by process design setup times incurred between switching product or customer types the activity desgin facilitates simultaneous processing C) average throughput time increases with increases in utilization (barring other changes and does so sharply as utilization approaches 100% D) linear regression: facilitates alternative forecasting using explanatory factors deve lop linear trend projections can incorporate seasonality answer : AQuestion 19 Why do we need to know OM? A) purely naive forecast for the next period is equal to observation from current period B) model that characterizes the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables C) companies are constantly looking for people that know how to increase work place productivity D) executive judgment, grass roots, market research, panel consensus, delphi method, historical analogy answer : B Question 20 process mappingA) ES is a form of weighted moving average, weights decline exponentially with most recent data weighted most responsivness/stability of ES depends on alpha ES lags data with significant trends ES often is very effective for short term forecasting B) a process map clearly describes â€Å"how the process actually exists† by diagramming the flow of materials and or information ultimate goal: undesrtand and improve the process so that it generate s the most possible value C) marketing: generates (detects) demand finance/accounting: tracks how well the organization is doing, pays bills, collects the money operations: creates the product and/or delivers the service D) as batch size becomes â€Å"larger† throughput time increases, the firm is less responsive, to increase process capacity, better to focus on reducing set-up time rather than increase batch size answer : B Question 21 causual forecasting modelA) variance; is a measure of how values are spread about the mean, often we talk about standard deviation, which is the square root of the varience B) linear regression: facilitates alternative forecasting using explanatory factors develop linear trend projections can incorporate seasonality C) variability induced by process design setup times incurred between switching product or customer types the activity desgin facilitates simultaneous processing D) measure of process improvement, represents output relative to inpu t, total factor productivity $value of output/ cost of all inputs answer : B Question 22 queueing theory A) the science of waiting lines explains the effect of variability on a process B) purely naive forecast for the next period is equal to observation from current period C) activity that constrains the capacity of the entire process D) labor: edu. ,diet, and sanitation capital: equipment, building management: tech, knowledge answer : A Question 23 qualitiative methodsA) the science of waiting lines explains the effect of variability on a process B) executive judgment, grass roots, market research, panel consensus, delphi method, historical analogy C) time series models;gt; moving average, exponential smoothing, trend projections casual models;gt;linear regression D) companies are constantly looking for people that know how to increase work place productivity answer : B Question 24 moving average method A) used if data exhibits little or no trend B) rate at which flow units are out put from the process C) time it takes a flow unit to get through the process D) because the customer is involved answer : A Question 25 batching A) variability induced by process design setup times incurred between switching product or customer types the activity desgin facilitates simultaneous processing B) High R^2 value:R^2 the percentage of variability in Y that is explained by X R^2 is a unitless measure the closer that R^2 Low Syx value:Syx measures the C) Forecast error=Ai-Fi=Acutal-Forecast Mean absolute deviation (MAD) Graphically plot errors over time to detect bias or patterns D) variance; is a measure of how values are spread about the mean, often we talk about standard deviation, which is the square root of the varience answer : A Question 26 throughput rate A) underlying basis of virtually all business decisions B) time it takes a flow unit to get through the process C) used if data exhibits little or no trend D) rate at which flow units are output from the process ans wer : D Question 27 bottleneckA) cost/price, quality, delivery speed, delivery reliability, and flexibility B) activity that constrains the capacity of the entire process C) averaging over the long-run: WIP=throughput rate*throughput time (I=R*T) D) rate at which flow units are output from the process answer : B Question 28 multiple linear regression A) processing rate; throughput rate of an activity under ideal conditions (no detractors B) number of flow units contained within the process measured in physical units or in dollars C) model that characterizes the relationship between a dependent variable and multiple independent variables D) fraction of time that an activity is busy (not idle) = flow rate into activity/capactiy of activity answer : C How to cite Operation Management, Papers Operation Management Free Essays The Operation management is the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver products and services. It is one of the core functions of any business. Operations function is the part of the organisation that is responsible for this activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every organisation produces some type of product or services so it has an operations function. However not all organisations call the operations function by its name. The people who have the responsibility of managing the resources which compose the operations function are known as the operations manager. Each organisation may call their operations manager by different names. For e. g. in a hospital they are known as ‘administrative mangers’ and in supermarkets they are known as ‘store managers’. Operations function is important to any organisation as it produces the goods and services- the reason why an organisation exists for. It is one of three core functions but there are also support functions that enable the core functions to work effectively, these are: Operations function which is responsible for fulfilling customer requests for service through the production and delivery of products and services Product/service development function which is responsible for creating new and modified products and services in order to generate future customer requests for service Marketing function which is responsible for communicating the organisation’s products and services to its markets in order to generate customer requests for service Human resources function which recruits and develops the organisation’s staff as well as looking after their welfare Accounting and finance function which provides the information to help economic decision-making and manages the financial resources of the organisation As different organisations call their functions by different names so they will have different supporting functions. But an organisation must have three core functions as the organisation needs to sell their product and services, satisfy their customer and create the means to satisfy their customers in the future. Sometimes there is not a clear division between the core functions and supporting functions. All operations produce products and services by transferring the inputs into outputs using an ‘input-transformation-output’ process. Operations are processes that take in a set of input resources to transform them into outputs of products and services. All processes can be applied to this model but they differ in the nature of their specific inputs and outputs. The other set of inputs to any operations process are known as transforming resources. These resources act upon the transformed resources. There are two types which form the ‘building blocks’ of all operations: Facilities- the buildings, equipment, plant and process technology of the operation Staff – the people who operate, maintain, plan and manage the operation The nature of both facilities and staff will differ between operations. Services may have a shorter stored life whereas products can be stored at least once. Products are tangible whereas services are not. Mostly, operations produce either just products or services but most produce a mixture of both. All operations are service providers which may produce products as part of serving their customers. It is not just the operations function that manage processes; all functions manage processes. For e. g. the marketing function will have processes that produce demand forecasts, processes that produce advertising campaigns and processes that produce marketing plans. These processes in the other functions also need managing using similar principles to those within the operations function. Operations management is relevant for all functions and so all managers should have something to learn from the concepts, principles, approaches and techniques of operations managements. There are two meanings of operations: Operation as an activity meaning the management of the processes within any of the organisations functions Operation as a function meaning the part of the organisation which produces the products and services for the organisations external customers Businesses always attempt to satisfy their customer’s needs by using many processes, in both its operations and other functions. Each of these processes will contribute some part in fulfilling the customer needs. Customer needs for each product are entirely fulfilled from within an ‘end-to-end’ business process. How to cite Operation Management, Essays

Little Green Men Or Just Little Microscopic Organi Essay Example For Students

Little Green Men Or Just Little Microscopic Organi Essay sms?Little Green Men or Just Little Microscopic Organisms?The question of life on Mars is a puzzle that has plagued many mindsthroughout the world. Life on Mars, though, is a reality. When you think ofMartians, you think of little green men who are planning to invade Earth anddestroy all human life, right? Well, some do and some do not. Though believingthat there are little green men on Mars is just a fantasy, or is it? The kindof life that may have lived there is the kind you would never consider of givingthe name Martian to. They are small organisms such as microbes or bacteria. Proof of this was found in a meteorite containing the fossils of themicroscopic organisms intact. Two highly regarded chemistry professors fromStanford, Claude Maechling and Richard Zare, dissected three meteorites thatwere about 2 to 8 millimeters long and found trace elements of a big mumbo jumboword polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. That pretty much means that there oncewas a warmer climate and maybe even lakes or oceans. Life on Mars is now a realidea. The climate of Mars about 3.8 billion years ago was much similar to theyoung Earth. Microbes and bacteria probably sprouted everywhere in the warm andwet climate. Although now we only see a cold red planet, which was probably dueto a collision of an astroid that would have set back the evolution process ofMars, causing it to be a harsh planet. A Viking spacecraft which landed on Marsin 1976 found that the planet was bathed in ultraviolet radiation, intenseenough so it would probably fry any microbe we know on this planet,says JackFarmer, an Ames researcher who calls himself an exopaleontologista searcherfor fossils on other worlds. The redness of Mars is due to the chemical assaultknown as oxidation, which turns iron compounds into rust, and it would surelykill anything that sticks its head up. So why do you still believe that there is life on Mars? you say. Lifeon Mars is not located on the ultraviolet radiation oxidized surface. Themicrobes are found below it, probably located in the boiling hot springs, or infrozen time capsules. Life here on Earth are located in some strange places sowhy wouldnt the Martian microbes be found in strange places if they were tryingto survive? Scientists have found bacteria here on Earth that were livinginside rocks where they got all of their nourishment from the rocks and fromsome water. Martians probably do the same thing. The Marsokhod, which is Russian for Mars Rover a six-wheeled vehicleabout the size of a golf cart, with an arm for carrying a camera or otherinstruments, is planned to launch in 1998. The rover might actually find thetruth that there was once life and that there is still life on Mars. Who knows, but what if the once ancient microbes or bacteria haveevolved into little green men who are planning to invade Earth and destroy allhuman life? What if there was a whole colony of Martians in underground tunnelsall over Mars? How did we evolve? From microscopic microbes, right? They mayhave evolved, too. When I read all of this I am reminded by a quote from acharacter on Jurassic Park named Ian Malcolm who said, Life finds a way.BibliographyChui, Glennda. Life on Mars II. http://www.sjmercury.com/news/nation/mars.htm. December 19,1995. Davidson, Keay. New Signs That There Was Life On Mars. San FranciscoExaminer. March16, 1995. Pg. A2. SIRS Physical Science, ElectronicOnly 1995. Art.104. SIRS Researcher CD-ROM, CD-ROM. SIRS. Fall 1996.

Roman Law Essays (736 words) - Roman Law, Roman Republic

Roman Law Roman Law Romans did not have very complicated laws but when they were broken there was very heavy punishment. Roman laws influenced most of the laws we have now and most of the laws of other countries. America's court system was modeled around the Roman court system. They had upper courts and lower courts and that was what built our strong court system now. One thing that we did not take from the Romans is the right to be a Citizen. In Rome there were very strict class systems and they were classified greatly by clothes, shelter, and seating at the games. The word citizen for them meant that you had to be free and lived in Rome. The class system was always followed no matter what. You could move up from your rank in society but then you would have to work really hard and it was not easy because people would still look at you as a low class. The class systems from highest to lowest were the senators, councilmen and their families. Then came the regular middle class citizens, next were the Plebeians who were very poor but not slaves and last was the slaves who owned nothing at all not even the clothes on their back because it all belonged to their master. Therefore, if slaves were caught running away they were brought upon charges of theft for stealing themselves and their masters clothing. Stealing held a very heavy punishment and that punishment was always upheld. The punishment was capital punishment and all of this was done to teach them a lesson. Some say the Romans had a very strange way of doing things but, the way their country was setup most of their laws were necessary for them. All of this got started with the Twelve Tables of Rome. Which were much like the Ten Commandments except man made them up. They were engraved into Bronze tablets and made up by ten Roman Magistrates around early 450 BC. The laws were really made to please the Plebeians because they complained that they didn't get any rights because the laws were never written down and were often changed. After this the Plebeians could no longer be fooled because the Twelve Tables covered all aspects of the law briefly stating the crime and then the punishment. This was where the court system came in because the courts were the ones that had to follow by the Twelve Tables and there was no way to cheat the Plebeians because the laws were in the main Forum hanging up for those purposes. Since our court system was modeled around theirs then it was basically like it is now. They had upper courts and lower courts and the right to an appeal was very well granted but only with good reasoning. The only thing about their court system that we did not take on in a big way is capital punishment. I say this because the Romans loved to kill any one who broke any of their laws but we do not kill unless you have killed first. Another aspect of Roman law is crucifixion, which was what was done to Jesus Christ. The Romans show very little mercy on anyone who comes across them. They show even less mercy to strangers that try to change them because nobody likes change but the Roman officials despised it because it would no longer make them rich and powerful to the people. Family laws were less harsh than state laws. Family law was much different especially for higher classed people. The children of that time were beat on occasion when they did something wrong but it was never on a regular basis. They had hearts when it came to family. The girls still had very little freedom to choose husbands and to plan their own life and they were married off very early. To parents it was a relief to finally marry off their girl child but to marry of a boy child meant more wealth to their family. In Conclusion the Romans had a very uncomplicated legal system and since everything was so easy to comprehend if you broke one of their laws sixty percent of the time you were sentenced to death with out thinking but other times you were just banished. Our laws came straight from out of Rome because the law system worked very well for them. Only certain aspects of their laws were not adopted by us because they were thought to be too cruel. But, what could you say except for

Drinking age debate Essays

Drinking age debate Essays Drinking age debate Paper Drinking age debate Paper How Old is Old Enough? Drinking Age 11/11/2011 How old is old enough to have an alcoholic beverage? Iris Cummings The legal drinking age is a topic that has come up for, and will continue to come up for, many years. The main question that needs to be answered is what is it that determines when a person is able to drink. Should we continue to base the drinking level on age or should we look at other characteristics. Those enrolled in the military have special benefits when it comes to drinking. In the year of 2011, the legal drinking age in the United States for all non-military people is 21 years of age. There is research for both sides of the spectrum. Some believe that the age should be lowered from 21, while others believe 21 is the perfect age. Then there are the people who say that the drinking age should be taken even higher than 21 . Some want the drinking age to be as high as 25. Will lowering the drinking age stop teens from binge drinking? If we take the drinking age higher, will it simply cause rebellion in the teen world? Many feel as though the law of 21 before drinking saves 1,000 deaths per year. The numbers of teens killed in alcohol related accidents have ropped somewhere from 11-16 percent since the 21 law have been implemented. Taking on higher drinking ages allows for a low intoxication level. For instance, in Georgia, where 21 is the legal drinking age, the blood alcohol level to be considered intoxicated is sitting at 0. 08 percent. In places such as New Hampshire, where Arizona is the legal drinking age, blood alcohol content level is listed as high as 0. 15 (Carter). These levels start to become dangerous when one realizes that one drink can cause a persons blood alcohol content to be 0. 2. If teen blows even 0. 1 into a breathalyzer, it is a crime of underage drinking. The punishment of underage drinking includes a large fine and even Jail time (Ash). It is taken very seriously in order to encourage teens to not even take that one sip betore they are ot age. It we were to lower the drinking age below 21, there is research that shows binge drinking in teens will rise to an alarmingly high rate within a single year. It would also lead to a negative impact on the cognitive development among our countrys youth. The brain is not fully developed during a persons teen years. Drinking too early could cause a permanent slowness in the rate of brain development and would be reflected in the education realm. Underage consumption of alcohol could cause handicaps that affect the consumer for years to come. A host of research formulated in a news paper by Andy Lewis, the ERLCs research editor, shows that lowering age restrictions for alcohol consumption would not reverse negative trends but enhance them, a fallout for youth and society that would only snowball. Among his findings, Lewis found that a lowered legal drinking age Would result in drinking at ven younger ages, increased cases of drunken driving, more vehicular accidents, and higher levels binge drinking, especially among teenagers. (Bond) Many cases of binge drinking come from college students between the ages of 18 and 20 years old. Lewis thinks that lowering the drinking age would encourage even younger age groups to incur binge drinking. He believes that teens as young as 13 years old will be involved in the peer pressure to drink. This could cause more alcohol related accidents because it involves drinking large amounts of alcohol very quickly. A 13- ear-old does not have a fully developed frontal lobe and even without alcohol will make some decisions that are not in ones best interest. The influence of alcohol working against an underdeveloped mind and underdeveloped motor skills it leads to disaster. There will always be an age implemented in the law for drinking, but some feel as though the law does not apply to them. How is it that 18-year-olds get alcohol when they are not even old enough to walk into a liquor store? Those who use their ID to obtain alcohol for younger individuals are breaking the law. The adopted slogan is Its your ID, you use it. There are cases where parents allow their children and other peoples children to drink at their expense. They argue that what goes on in the walls of their own house is their business and that it stays within the walls. They feel like the children are not in harms way because they are in the house and are being watched. What these parents apparently fail to realize is that Just because it goes on in the walls of their house does not all of a sudden make the law disappear. It is still illegal and is a serious charge against them if taken to court. Ash, P. , and Levy, D. T. The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Traffic Fatalities. Rockville, MD: NIAAA, 1986. Print. Bond, J. , and Jones, B. Raising the Legal Drinking Age. Columbia, SC: SC Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 1983. Print. Carter, R. A. Legal Drinking Age. Albany, NY: Legislative and Governmental Services: 1983. Print. Bibliography Legal Drinking Age. Albany, NY Legislative and ernmental Services: 1 Powers, Rod. U. S. Military: Military Drinking Age. (http://usmilitary. about. com/library/ polls/blmildrinkingage. htm)web. Oct. 14 2011

USS Indiana BB-58 World War II Battleship

USS Indiana BB-58 World War II Battleship USS Indiana (BB-58) Overview Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard: Newport News ShipbuildingLaid Down: November 20, 1939Launched: November 21, 1941Commissioned: April 30, 1942Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1963 Specifications Displacement:  35,000  tonsLength: 680 ft.Beam:  107.8 ft.Draft: 29.3 ft.Propulsion:  30,000 hp, 4 x steam turbines, 4 x propellersSpeed:  27 knotsComplement: 1,793 men Armament Guns 9 Ãâ€" 16 in.  Mark 6 guns (3 x triple turrets)20 Ãâ€" 5 in dual-purpose guns Aircraft 2 x aircraft Design Construction In 1936, as design of the North Carolina-class moved towards completion, the US Navys General Board gathered to address the two battleships that were to be funded in Fiscal Year 1938.   Though the group preferred constructing two additional North Carolinas, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral William H. Standley favored pursuing a new design.   As a result, building of these vessels was delayed to FY1939 as naval architects began work in March 1937.   While the first two ships were formally ordered on April 4, 1938, a second pair of vessels was added two months later under the  Deficiency Authorization which passed due to rising global tensions.   Though the escalator clause of the Second London Naval Treaty had been invoked permitting the new design to mount 16 guns, Congress required that the vessels stay within the 35,000 ton limit set by the earlier Washington Naval Treaty. In planning for the new South Dakota-class, naval architects created a wide array of designs for consideration.   A central challenge proved to be finding ways to improve upon the North Carolina-class but remain within the tonnage limit.   The answer was the design of a shorter, by around 50 feet, battleship that utilized an inclined armor system.   This provided better underwater protection than earlier vessels.   As fleet commanders called for vessels capable of 27 knots, naval architects worked to find a way to achieve this despite the reduced hull length.   This was solved through the creative layout of machinery, boilers, and turbines.   For armament, the South Dakotas matched the North Carolinas in carrying nine Mark 6 16 guns in three triple turrets with a secondary battery of twenty dual-purpose 5 guns.   These guns were supplemented by an extensive and constantly evolving array of anti-aircraft weapons.   Assigned to Newport News Shipbuilding, the second ship of the class, USS Indiana (BB-58), was laid down on November 20, 1939.   Work on the battleship progressed and it entered the water on November 21, 1941, with Margaret Robbins, daughter of Indiana Governor Henry F. Schricker, serving as sponsor.   As building moved toward completion, the US entered World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.   Commissioned on April 30, 1942, Indiana commenced service with Captain Aaron S. Merrill in command.   Journey to the Pacific Steaming north,  Indiana  conducted its shakedown operations in and around Casco Bay, ME before receiving orders to join Allied forces in the Pacific.   Transiting the Panama Canal, the battleship made for the South Pacific where it was attached Rear Admiral Willis A. Lees battleship force on November 28.   Screening the carriers USS  Enterprise  (CV-6) and USS Saratoga  (CV-3),  Indiana  supported Allied efforts in the Solomon Islands.   Engaged in this area until October 1943, the battleship then withdrew to Pearl Harbor to prepare for a campaign in the Gilbert Islands.   Leaving port on November 11,  Indiana  covered the American carriers during the invasion of Tarawa later that month.    In January 1944, the battleship bombarded Kwajalein in the days prior to the Allied landings.   On the night of February 1,  Indiana  collided with USS  Washington  (BB-56) while maneuvering to refuel destroyers.   The accident saw Washington  hit and scrape down the after portion of  Indianas starboard side.   In the aftermath of the incident,  Indianas commander, Captain James M. Steele, admitted to being out of position and was relieved of his post.   Returning to Majuro,  Indiana  made temporary repairs before proceeding to Pearl Harbor for additional work.   The battleship remained out of action until April while  Washington, whose bow was severely damaged,  did not rejoin the fleet until May.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Island Hopping Sailing with Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force, Indiana screened the carriers during raids against Truk on April 29-30.   After bombarding Ponape on May 1, the battleship proceeded to the Marianas the following month to support the invasions of Saipan and Tinian.   Pounding targets on Saipan on June 13-14, Indiana aided in repelling air attacks two days later.   On June 19-20, it supported the carriers during the victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea.   With the end of the campaign, Indiana moved on to attack targets in the Palau Islands in August and protected the carriers as they raided into the Philippines a month later.   Receiving orders for an overhaul, the battleship departed and entered Puget Sound Naval Shipyard on October 23.   The timing of this work led it to miss the pivotal Battle of Leyte Gulf. With the completion work in the yard, Indiana sailed and reached Pearl Harbor on December 12.   Following refresher training, the battleship rejoined combat operations and bombarded Iwo Jima on January 24 while en route to Ulithi.   Arriving there, it put to sea a short time later to assist in the invasion of Iwo Jima.   While operating around the island, Indiana and the carriers raided north to strike targets in Japan on February 17 and 25.   Replenishing at Ulithi in early March, the battleship then sailed as part of the force tasked with the invasion of Okinawa.   After supporting the landings on April 1, Indiana continued to conduct missions in the waters offshore into June.   The following month, it moved north with the carriers to mount a series of attacks, including shore bombardments, on the Japanese mainland.   It was engaged in these activities when hostilities ended on August 15. Final Actions Arriving in Tokyo Bay on September 5, three days after the Japanese formally surrendered aboard USS Missouri (BB-63), Indiana briefly served as a transfer point for liberated Allied prisoners of war.   Departing for the US on ten days later, the battleship touched at Pearl Harbor before proceeding on to San Francisco.   Arriving on September 29, Indiana underwent minor repairs before proceeding north to Puget Sound.   Placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet in 1946, Indiana was formally decommissioned on September 11, 1947.   Remaining at Puget Sound, the battleship was sold for scrap on September 6, 1963.         Ã‚      Selected Sources DANFS: USS Indiana (BB-58)NHHC: USS IndianaMaritimeQuest: USS Indiana (BB-58)

Christianity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity - Coursework Example For example Jesus said that the behavioral component to his requirements for "salvation† is necessary and along with that, a person must ensure to perform good deeds in the physical nature and without this the salvation is difficult whereas Paul said that the internal nature and feelings of a human beings are necessary and there is not an elevated need of deeds and actions at the apparent level. Similarly there are numerous contradictions between the teachings of Jesus and Saint Paul for example Jesus said in the gospel of Luke that God is only of the living beings and there is no relation of the dead people with God whereas the statement of Saint Paul contradicts it and says that God is of both living beings and the dead (Jones, 2006). Explain the schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Roman Catholic churches are regarded as the oldest institution of Christianity in the western world and the time period of the establishment of the Roman Catholic churc hes is around 2000 years. Roman Catholics believe that The Pope is the authority in Christianity because the pope is the direct descendent of Saint Peter which was nominated by Jesus himself before he went away from this world. Orthodox churches do not consider Pope as the authority and claim that he has amended the real teachings of the Jesus and the textual references of Bible. A roman catholic preach is not allowed to marry whereas a priest from the Orthodox Church is allowed to marry. Similarly, the orthodox churches believe that as soon as the baptism takes place, any person becomes eligible for the holy communication between him and God whereas the Roman Catholic Church does not give the permission for the holy communication except priests. In the orthodox churches, all the saints including the mother of Jesus are considered to be equal and there is not classification done between any of the saints both of present times and past whereas in the Roman Catholic churches, Mary is valued as the highest in the saints and they chant "hail Mary" prayer every day in the church almost for forty to forty five times (Wordwiz, 2011). What issues did each of the Protestant Reformers (Luther, Calvin, the English Reformers) have with the Roman Catholic Church? Be specific. The main difference of opinion started when Martin Luther, who was a monk, professor and priest at the University of Wittenberg started to question the process of forgiveness in Christianity and said that how is it possible that a person can be forgiven and atoned for one’s own actions. The Roman Catholics church argued that a person can only be forgiven even in his post baptism life if he repents and then confesses all his sins in front of a priest. Martin Luther said that the forgiveness is not because of the apparent confessions of a person rather it is part of the grace of God on man. The eternal salvation can never be achieved if the person really does not feel ashamed of all the action of sins he did and the feeling of shame is also given because of the grace of God. The characters, priests and symbolic remarks cannot be used in the long run in order to ensure forgiveness. There was another protestant reformer named John Calvin who said that the destiny of human beings have already decided who will be given forgiveness and who will not be gifted grace of God so there is no point in doing the confessions and rituals in the churches. A person can evaluate the course of his

Polyproplene and KRATON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Polyproplene and KRATON - Essay Example The thermoplastic stands up quite well to steam-sterilization and autoclaving, managing to resist physical damage and environmental stress-cracking when exposed to high corrosion chemicals in tests. This result is something one can easily expect due to the ability of the material to be fatigue resistant, have high tensile strength, and unbelievable elongation abilities. Such high material characteristics ensures an almost infinite flex life for polypropylene oriented moldings in integrated hinges, making it quite responsive to injection speed and pressure. The plastic also sets in a shorter time when placed in the mold, which ensures a higher production rate for molders. Polyprolene has proven to be excellent when considering is chemical resistant abilities, abrasion strength, dimensional stability, and high surface gloss. Such unique qualities makes the polymer versatile and suitable for superior strength, grease resistance, and moisture barring in film and fibers. While pre-drying is not necessarily required when molding Injection Molding Polypropylene is molded in standard screw making equipment as these can be done without alteration in normal conditions, filled resins may sometimes require pre-drying. The manufacturing process however, isnt as simple as it sounds. The molder needs to take note of additional considerations such as the cylinder temperature and injection pressure. These two of the most closely related variables that take the forefront of the molding parameters will be discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. The most advisable temperature range for cylinders are between 400- 570Â °F. Normally the temperature should be 25-50Â °F above the normal temperature when molding polypropylene. However it should not be molded above 570Â °F so the normal range for molding would be kept anywhere between 400-525Â °F. The cylinder temperature is best kept with the hopper or feed section lower than the nozzle at 30-50Â °F.

Smoking Problem in the Families Essay Example for Free

Smoking Problem in the Families Essay Cigarette smoking has entered almost every household under the guise of a normal and yet slightly unhealthy habit. Family life includes many aspects and perhaps one of the most important is health. Despite the fact that most people in todays society are aware of smoking-related dangers, many smokers continue to use cigarettes. Although many smokers justify their smoking habit with an excuse that it is their own decision to damage their bodies, they, unfortunately, do not fully and intelligently consider all the consequences of smoking that can affect their families. This essay will concentrate on the problem of passive smoking which can affect family life in the most negative ways and possible solutions will be given. . Smoking cigarettes may affect family life, particularly health in very destructing ways. For instance, by smoking around the family, whether indoors or outdoors, a smoker produces second-hand smoke which has a detrimental effect on the health of children and partners. Passive smoking is a serious yet hardly acknowledged problem, which can lead to all smoking-related diseases such as cancer and other devastating diseases. If someone in a family smokes, it correspondingly affects other members of the family, and this exposes the entire family to many risks. Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, they breathe in second-hand smoke. Children are much more susceptible to the devastating effects of tobacco smoke because they breathe more often than adults, and have less developed lungs and immune system. If both parents smoke cigarettes this obviously increases the impact on the children. For pregnant woman, it is very harmful to be in the same room with a smoker. Furthermore, women who smoke during pregnancy or men smoking around pregnant partners put their unborn child at risk of poor health outcomes. This may reflect in penchant to many diseases and slow development. There are different ways of solving this problem. Smokers should get the cigarettes out of their lives and save their families from dangerous chemicals in the cigarette smoke. The only correct solution to this problem is simply not to start it or stop smoking as soon as possible. One of the solutions for people addicted to nicotine is to stop smoking cigarettes around their families, to keep them away from extremely dangerous passive smoking. Switching to the Nicotine-based chewing gums, tablets and patches which provide a certain amount of nicotine needed for smokers. Using electronic cigarettes become more and more popular amongst the smokers because it is more cost effective and more convenient than traditional cigarettes. They simulate the act of tobacco smoking, but free from dangerous chemicals and second-hand smoke. People can smoke e-cigarettes at home, in a car without harming other family members. Government can help in solving this problem by establishing new laws and regulations. Smoking in public places should be banned in order to prevent passive smoking. For example, nowadays, there are many cafes and restaurants which have smoking and non-smoking areas. Providing the support from different organizations such as â€Å"Tobacco Free Families Campaign† will help people handle the problem of smoking which affects their family life. Many young families who experience this kind of problems would ask for help or advice. When a family member smokes it affects on the health of the entire family. There are many dangers of passive smoking that may lead to certain health problems inside the family. To avoid these potential dangers people should think not only about themselves, but also about their loved ones. If smokers stop using cigarettes, children and partners will be much healthier. One solution to this problem is to switch from traditional cigarettes to non-tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes, nicotine-based chewing gums, tablets etc. Another solution is governmental support and new laws against smoking in public places. These possible solutions would make family life better and prevent from any smoking-related problems.

Body Image :: essays research papers

Looking at the ad many obvious observations can be made. You see a female bent over a toilet. Then you notice the writing on the ad. Then you realize that it is an ad for the widely marketed perfume Obsession. Hey wait a minute. When did obsession start making ads where women were bent over on the toilet? Oh, I see. That’s when it clicks. Its not really an ad on the perfume obsession but really a joke or parody on the perfume name. It has become an Obsession for women to have the ideal body type. Looking at the picture from an examiners point of view, I notice the women and everything about her. You can immediately tell why she is sitting on the floor in a fetal position over the toilet. She is anorexic. You can tell mostly by her protruding spine. The spine is seen as the backbone of any human being. It is seen as what keeps us standing and walking everyday. It can almost be said to be our strength. Hers on the other hand is exposed which is a sign that her strength is exposed. This reminds me of the story in the Bible where Sampson exposes that it is his hair that gives him his strength. Now anyone could basically have control over him if they cut his hair. He is now vulnerable to any attacks, just like in the ad. The lady is now vulnerable to all outside attacks whether it be a disease or even death. To me the creators of this ad got the pathos right, in that they effectively engage the audiences’ emotions. They would probably be able to draw sympathy and concern fr om any typical person. In large font across the top of the ad it reads, â€Å"Obsession† and at the bottom in a smaller font it reads, â€Å"For women.† There is one main point that these words are trying to get across. It is that anorexia becomes an obsession for women. All around us to day are stereotypical images of how women should look. These images are usually images of models. Many women see these images and feel that they don’t live up to these standards of beauty and in turn take extreme measures in order to attain that beauty. The ad is sort of telling us that this is what happens when women try to look like CK models (logos).

Orbach

Sample descriptive outline and summary Fat is a Feminist Issue by Susie Arroba Descriptive Outline Paragraphs 1 & 2 Paragraphs 3 & 4 Paragraphs 5 -8 Paragraph 9 Us Mary Arroba details the epidemic of obesity in American women, the emotional effects of overeating on women, and lists commonly held views about the causes of obesity. Arroba suggests that women's obesity is in fact a challenge to gender stereotypes and should be viewed as a societal illness, not a personal failing.In this section of the text, Arroba argues that women's inferior societal position is the result of a centuries-long belief that women's biology makes them fit for the limited roles of wife and mother. In order to achieve this status, however, Arroba states that a woman must â€Å"have† a man, which makes her seclusion's and keenly aware of herself as an object for the pleasure of men. A woman therefore is highly susceptible to the vagaries of fashion, media, and make-up in an effort to make her more ascr ibable to men.Arroba concludes by stating that, despite the many changes in fashion trends, being thin is consistently viewed as positive, and necessary, for women, and that, as a result, obesity may express rebellion against the strictures of cue Trial conformity women face. Arroba uses her introductory paragraphs to establish the context of her discussion about women's obesity in the United States. Arroba begins to make her argument, offering a feminist explanation of women's obesity, alleging that â€Å"fat is† n expression of independence.Her parallel structure Caftan is†) suggests ownership of an otherwise unattractive quality – fat itself. Arroba logically and methodically builds her argument in this section of the text, moving from biology to culture, in order to persuade the reader that the epidemic of female obesity may, in fact, be a feminist choice -? rather than the availability of unhealthy food, lack of exercise,

Questions and Answers: The Catcher in the Rye Essay

1.What happened at the beginning, middle, and end? 2.Who are the characters in the story, and what are they like? Holden Caulfield – The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Holden is a sixteen-year-old junior who has just been expelled for academic failure from a school called Pencey Prep. Although he is intelligent and sensitive, Holden narrates in a cynical and jaded voice. He finds the hypocrisy and ugliness of the world around him almost unbearable, and through his cynicism he tries to protect himself from the pain and disappointment of the adult world. However, the criticisms that Holden aims at people around him are also aimed at himself. He is uncomfortable with his own weaknesses, and at times displays as much phoniness, meanness, and superficiality as anyone else in the book. As the novel opens, Holden stands poised on the cliff separating childhood from adulthood. His inability to successfully negotiate the chasm leaves him on the verge of emotional collapse. Ackley – Holden’s next-door neighbor in his dorm at Pencey Prep. Ackley is a pimply, insecure boy with terrible dental hygiene. He often barges into Holden’s room and acts completely oblivious to Holden’s hints that he should leave. Holden believes that Ackley makes up elaborate lies about his sexual experience. Stradlater – Holden’s roommate at Pencey Prep. Stradlater is handsome, self-satisfied, and popular, but Holden calls him a â€Å"secret slob,† because he appears well groomed, but his toiletries, such as his razor, are disgustingly unclean. Stradlater is sexually active and quite experienced for a prep school student, which is why Holden also calls him a â€Å"sexy bastard.† Jane Gallagher – A girl with whom Holden spent a lot of time one summer, when their families stayed in neighboring summer houses in Maine. Jane never actually appears in The Catcher in the Rye, but she is extremely important to Holden, because she is one of the few girls whom he both respects and finds attractive. Phoebe Caulfield – Phoebe is Holden’s ten-year-old sister, whom he loves dearly. Although she is six years younger than Holden, she listens to what he says and understands him more than most other people do. Phoebe is intelligent, neat, and a wonderful dancer, and her childish innocence is one of Holden’s only consistent sources of happiness throughout the novel. At times, she exhibits great maturity and even chastises Holden for his immaturity. Like Mr. Antolini, Phoebe seems to recognize that Holden is his own worst enemy. Read an in-depth analysis of Phoebe Caulfield. Allie Caulfield – Holden’s younger brother. Allie dies of leukemia three years before the start of the novel. Allie was a brilliant, friendly, red-headed boy—according to Holden, he was the smartest of the Caulfields. Holden is tormented by Allie’s death and carries around a baseball glove on which Allie used to write poems in green ink. Sally Hayes – A very attractive girl whom Holden has known and dated for a long time. Though Sally is well read, Holden claims that she is â€Å"stupid,† although it is difficult to tell whether this judgment is based in reality or merely in Holden’s ambivalence about being sexually attracted to her. She is certainly more conventional than Holden in her tastes and manners. Mr. Spencer – Holden’s history teacher at Pencey Prep, who unsuccessfully tries to shake Holden out of his academic apathy. Carl Luce – A student at Columbia who was Holden’s student advisor at the Whooton School. Luce is three years older than Holden and has a great deal of sexual experience. At Whooton, he was a source of knowledge about sex for the younger boys, and Holden tries to get him to talk about sex at their meeting. Mr. Antolini – Holden’s former English teacher at the Elkton Hills School. Mr. Antolini now teaches at New York University. He is young, clever, sympathetic, and likable, and Holden respects him. Holden sometimes finds him a bit too clever, but he looks to him for guidance. Like many characters in the novel, he drinks heavily. Read an in-depth analysis of Mr. Antolini. Maurice – The elevator operator at the Edmont Hotel, who procures a prostitute for Holden. Sunny – The prostitute whom Holden hires through Maurice. She is one of a number of women in the book with whom Holden clumsily attempts to connect. D. B. Caulfield – Holden’s older brother. D. B. wrote a volume of short stories that Holden admires very much, but Holden feels that D. B. prostitutes his talents by writing for Hollywood movies. 3.Which ones changed? Explain how the characters that changed. 4.Which ones stayed the same?  5.What is the setting of the story? Does it remain constant? If not, list all settings. 6.What effect does the setting have on the story? (If you changed the setting, how would the story change?)  · Holden begins his story in Pennsylvania, at his former school, Pencey Prep. He then recounts his adventures in New York City 7.If you wanted to give this story a different a title, what would it be and why? 8.Find one place in the text where the author uses language in an interesting way. Explain why it is interesting.

LBSS Honors Chemistry Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

LBSS Honors Chemistry Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers LBSS Honors Chemistry Independent Science Research Project ExploraVision All LBSS Honors Chemistry students are required to complete an independent science research project that will be evaluated by an outside expert in addition to teacher evaluation. Students are to work in groups of three. Competition Deadline: January 15, 2015. What will the finished ExploraVision project look like? Abstract (1 page) Description (11 pages) Bibliography (1 page) Sample Web Pages (5 pages) Abstract Summarize your proposed future technology and other relevant information. This document must precede other project components and should be on a separate page. It does not count as part of the description. Mandatory criteria: No more than 150 words (typed, double-spaced and clearly labeled). This will be the LAST component you complete! Description Prepare a written description of the project on no more than 11 typed, double-spaced pages (you may also use a combination of text and artwork). This is a long term project and if you completed all the required "research and worksheets' as suggested, these documents will be combined to create the 11 page description. The description must include the following 6 sections in this exact order: Present Technology (1): Give an overview of the present form of the technology, including some scientific principles involved in how it functions. Define a key challenge or limitation of this present technology that you will address in your ExploraVision project. History-Technology Timeline (2): Research and describe the history of the technology from its inception. Future Technology (3): Describe the team's vision for what this technology will be like in 20 years - including scientific principles involved in developing the technology. Breakthroughs (4): Research and describe breakthroughs that are necessary to make the future technology design a reality. Why doesn't this future technology exist today? Choose one of your required breakthroughs and describe a research project that would have to be planned and carried out to test your ExploraVision project. If possible, include the kind of data or measurements that would be collected in the investigation. Design Process (5): Describe three alternative ideas or features the team considered for this ExploraVision project. The ideas and features should be directly related to the project, not a list of other projects you may have submitted. Describe why the team rejected each feature and idea in favor of the ones in the submitted ExploraVision technology. Describe how your future technology feature is better than the rejected design feature. Consequences (6): Recognizing that all technologies have positive and negative consequences, describe the potential positive and negative consequences of the new technology on society. Tip: The Future Technology, Breakthroughs, Design Process and Consequences sections are the most heavily weighted when assigning points in the judging. Therefore it makes sense to devote at least two-thirds of the description to these areas. Bibliography-use APA format All sources used in researching the chosen technology should be referenced here. (This does not count as part of the description.) Mandatory criteria: Sources must be clearly labeled and include title, author, publisher and copyright date. Also include Internet sources, interviews and non-original graphics. Footnotes are encouraged, but not required. Before Deadline ONE... . Team Formation and Registration . Brainstorming: during this time, students will name existing technologies they would like to explore. . Introduce Research Methods |Due Dates at a Glance (deadlines are tentative and may change) | |October 30 Deadline ONE | |Getting to Know the Subject | | | |Suggestion: I will create a shared folder for your project in GoogleDocs | |Use GoogleDocs to hold all independent research project information (including this| |paper). | |Create Pages within your Google folder for the following: | | | |Present Technology History Future Technology | |Breakthroughs | |Design Process Consequences Bibliography | |Web Pages | | | |Parent and Student Document of Understanding signed by student and parent. (This | |can be found at the end of this packet). One for EACH student. | |Complete Worksheet: Choosing a Topic | |After you have your team, it's time to choose a topic. You might pick something | |that you've always wondered about ("Why doesn't X do this?") or that has always | |interested you ("How could I build a better X?"). As a team, brainstorm some ideas | |and see if there are any ideas or areas of study that stand out. Consider these | |tips when selecting a topic: | |Get ideas from everyday life. Look at the tools and technologies people use every | |day - it could be as simple as a pencil or as complex as a quantum computer. | |Solve a problem. Identify a problem that a current technology does not solve, and | |then imagine possible solutions. | |Talk

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que French has three interrogative pronouns: qui  que, and lequel, which are used to ask questions. They all have differences in meaning and usage. Note that lequel  is a more complicated case and, as such, is addressed separately. Also, while qui and que are also  relative pronouns,  we are only discussing them here in their function as interrogative pronouns. How to Use Qui   Qui  means  who  or  whom; it is used when asking about people. When  who  is the  subject  of the question, you can use either  qui  or  qui est-ce qui. The word order cannot be inverted, and the verb is always third person singular. Qui veut le faire  ? / Qui est-ce qui veut le faire  ?   Who wants to do it?Qui parle  ? / Qui est-ce qui parle  ?   Who is speaking? When whom is the object of the question, qui can be followed by either est-ce que or inversion, as in: Qui est-ce que vous aimez  ? / Qui aimez-vous ?   Whom do you love?Qui est-ce que tu vois  ? / Qui vois-tu  ?   Whom do you see? Qui can also follow a preposition. qui est-ce que tu parles  ? / qui parles-tu  ?   To whom are you speaking?De qui est-ce que tu dà ©pends  ? / De qui dà ©pends-tu  ?   Upon whom do you depend? How to Use Que Que means what and is used to refer to ideas or things. When  what  is the subject of the question, you must use  quest-ce qui  followed by a verb in the third person singular, with no inversion. Quest-ce qui se passe  ?   Whats happening?Quest-ce qui est tombà © sur la terre  ?   What fell on the ground? When what is the object of the question, it can be followed by est-ce que or inversion. Quest-ce quil veut  ? / Que veut-il  ?   What does he want?Quest-ce que tu penses de mon idà ©e  ? / Que penses-tu de mon idà ©e  ?   What do you think of my idea?Quest-ce que cest (que cela)  ?   What is that? Que to Quoi After a preposition, que changes to quoi. De quoi est-ce que vous parlez  ? / De quoi parlez-vous ?   What are you talking about? quoi est-ce quil travaille  ? / quoi travaille-t-il  ?   Whats he working on? More Examples of the Interrogative  Qui and Que Qui donc ta frappà ©Ã‚  ?   Who hit you? Qui est-ce qui en veut  ?   Who wants some ? Qui cherchez-vous  ?   Who are you looking for? Cest qui  ?  Ã‚  Whose is it,  to whom does it belong? qui le tour  ?   Whose turn (is it) ? De qui parles-tu  ?   Who  (ou  whom) are you talking about? Qui est-ce que tu connais ici  ?   Who do you know around here? qui est-ce que je dois de largent  ?   Who do I owe money to ?,  to whom do I owe money?  (soutenu) Quy a-t-il  ?   Whats the matter ? Que devient-elle  ?   Whats become of her? Quest-ce que je vois / jentends  ? What is this I see / hear ? Quest-ce qui tarrive  ?   Whats the matter with you? Quest-ce que la libertà ©Ã‚  ?   What is freedom? Summary of French Interrogative Pronouns Subject of question Object of question After preposition People quiqui est-ce qui quiqui est-ce que qui Things quest-ce qui quequest-ce que quoi

What is Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Art - Essay Example It was like art for me was ballet, Van Gogh, and those expensive pieces auctioned off at Christie’s. The keyword is â€Å"expensive† – a consumerist concept. The interactions within the lectures – those between teacher and students and students among themselves, gave me further insights. As I learned together with others, I came to understand the diversity of our perceptions, of our skills and the individual ability to construct meanings. So art may be different but it can also be universal. It is like the concept truth, in a way. I also discovered some of my personal biases and preferences and how they affect my understanding and interpretation of artworks. Having recognized this, I can say that I am now in a better position to appreciate art and identify what it is. One important principle that I learned was that in art, there is no one or single beauty because beauty is diverse. I have learned the dynamics behind this, which I believe widened my horizon and understanding so that I am able to appreciate art in its true

Task Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task Identification - Essay Example (Embrey, 2000)† Of the several known methods in task identification, the process or steps may include critical incident technique and linear sequencing. In the critical incident technique, the key factor is the gathering of any and all available facts or incidents and analyzing what actually occurred as a result. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the data into information, assessments and inferences are made on how to use the findings to improve on future performance or output. Thus the basic step in critical incident technique can be summarized as: â€Å"Step 1: Gathering facts; Step 2: Content analysis; and Step 3: Creating feedback. (EMMUS, 1999)† In information technology (IT), the critical incident technique (CIT) is one of the methodologies in software and applications development. â€Å"The CIT is an open-ended retrospective method of finding out what are the critical features of the software being evaluated. It is a method for getting a subjective report while minimizing interference from stereotypical reactions or received opinions. A critical incident is defined as one which had an important effect on the final outcome. Critical incidents can only be recognized retrospectively. CIT analysis uses a method known as Content Analysis in order to summarize the experiences of many users or many experiences of the same user. (UsabilityNet, 2006)† When linear sequencing is used in task identification, the method describes putting in lined or straight order a sequence or series of events. It follows at times a hierarchical or incremental level of presentation or reasoning. â€Å"Reasoning about events commonly requires assembling the events into a sequence or order of events such that a temporal pattern of events becomes distinguishable and more understandable. For many reasoning tasks involving events, users

Target Corp - Strategic Management - 5 forces - value chain Essay

Target Corp - Strategic Management - 5 forces - value chain - Essay Example Operating in a dynamic business environment, companies often have to change their strategies to suit the industry requirements. Technological environment keeps on changing, so does customer tastes and preferences as well as government policies. The environment an organization was operating in five years ago, and the challenges faced then, are a very different from the challenges faced today. Five years from today, this scenario will be different. Thus, strategic management as a process does not end at any particular time; rather, it is an evolutionary process. As the business environment keeps changing, the management in most cases has to implement changes that will ensure that it successfully meets its goals and objectives. Failure to implement such changes whenever they fall due means that the organization falls short of its goals and objectives. Thus, it fails to live up to its vision, mission and does not achieve its target. As a destination, strategic management aims at achievin g particular goals and objectives, defined by the mission, vision and objective statement of the firm. A destination establishes a journey; not until the company reaches the defined destination, then strategies will keep on changing, through the review process. b. All companies currently must have a strategic plan to survive in the highly competitive business environment. Every organization, serious enough in achieving its goals and objectives needs to have plans on what it hopes to achieve. Even if it lacks a mission statement, then it ought to have a vision of the goals it hopes to achieve in the long term. A strategic management statement defines the vision and the mission, establishes goals and objectives to achieve. These are the underlying factors in a strategic plan of a company. Target Corporation has a vision, a mission and a target objective, the key elements defining a mission statement of a company. Laying out its plans in a well-defined way and manner, with a comprehens ively started goals and objectives, Target Corporation qualifies as a strategic management organization. While defining what it plans to achieve in future, Target Corporation plans to be the leading firm in the retail industry. Coming second from Wal-Mart retail chain in terms of market share and revenue collection, Target Corporation management hopes to become the leading firm, by passing Wal-Mart. the probability of this vision becoming a reality in absence of strategic management plans is zero. Therefore, Target has to lay down a framework that would help it achieve these goals and objectives. To achieve this strategy, the company plans to embark on an aggressive growth and expansion plan. Its long-term plans involve internal and external growth plans on areas identified through the SWOT analysis plan. Externally, it hopes to expand its operations internationally through establishment of more branches. This will not only win the firm a competitive advantage over other firms, but will also help it acquire a larger market share. Another way in which Target shows its strategic management plan is through product diversification and development. Despite offering a range of fashionable products, and enjoying high customer loyalty, the management believes that through product differentiation and diversification, it can win more customers,

Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay

Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay Various literatures suggest different terminologies in occupational therapy depending on the school of thought. Hence, it is imperative to bring significance to underpinning words for the purpose of this assignment. National Health Service (NHS) define occupational therapy as the evaluation and treatment of physical and psychiatric conditions using definite and purposeful activities to prevent disability and encourage independent functions in all aspects of daily life (www.nhscareers.nhsuk, 2008). Occupational therapy is a discipline that assists people of all ages to achieve health and life satisfaction through improving their ability to carry out the activities that they need or choose to do in their daily lives (College of Occupational Therapists [COT] 2006a). Occupational therapists assess the impact of changes in motor function, sensation, coordination, visual perception, and cognition on an individuals competence to engage in daily life tasks. Intervention enhances involvement in meaningful roles, tasks, and activities; minimizes secondary complications; and provides training and support to the patient and caregivers. (Rowland, 2008) Occupational therapists concentrates on independence and function, persons goal setting, and their expert skills in task adaptation and environmental adaptation emphasize the professions contribution to stroke rehabilitation. (Rowland 2008) The fundamental intend of occupational therapy is predicated on occupational performance, it seeks to enhance health and well being of a person by limiting occupational dysfunction that is, when an individual is unable to articulate himself within his socio-cultural and physical environment because of illness, disability or lack of enabling skills indispensable for coping like the case of stroke in David. Background information on stroke The diagnosis established that David had stroke, an occlusion in the middle cerebral artery. Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the UK; an estimation of 150,000 people has stroked each year and approximately 30% of people dying in the month after a stroke and 67,000 deaths each year. It is also the greatest cause of severe disability, 35% of all survivors are significantly disabled and will need help with daily occupation (Department of Health, 2001; Office of National Statistics, 2001;British Hearth Foundation, 2005). The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines stroke as a clinical syndrome, of presumed vascular origin, typified by rapidly developing signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death (WHO, 1978). The two broad causes are ischemia and haemorrhage. Ischemic stroke results from a blockage of cerebral vessel and can be further classified into thrombosis or embolism. Hemorrhagic stroke results from the rupture of a blood vessel. Blood is release out of the vascular space, cutting off pathways and leading to pressure injuries to brain tissue. It could be either intracerebral (bleeding into the brain itself) or subarachnoid (bleeding into an area surrounding the brain) caused by hypertension, arteriovenous malformation, or aneurysm (Batel, 2004). SYNOPSIS OF DAVID David, a senior fireman officer was born 45 years ago and had worked for 27 years on a fulltime basis. He collapsed at work 8 weeks ago and was diagnosed with a left Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) or stroke. A scan following his admission revealed an occlusion in the middle cerebral artery. He was restless and irritable, responding to command physically but no verbal response, and was unable to move his right upper and lower limbs. His blood pressure is 180/75, Blood NAD. Urine testing revealed a high level of sugar. He is a proud family man, married for 22years, extremely sociable with strong passion for football. APPLIED THEORTICAL MODEL A model is a simplified representation of a phenomenon that can account for certain data/relationships or a synthesised body of knowledge that links theory and practice(Finlay, 2004 p73). Model gives us a way to frame a persons problems and treatment (Finlay, 2004). Conversely, the theoretical direction on which these frames of reference are founded is not clear, this is why it is so complicated to follow their guiding principle to institute occupationally based practice (Ikiugu, 2004).   The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP): Is employed to guide in Davids health needs because it will emphasis on occupational performance of David as a person, via occupation and environment, CMOP will critically analyse the components of Davids affective, cognitive, physical components and spirituality, the spirituality represent the inner strength that will allows David to keep functioning in the face of great challenges and adversity by engaging him in purposeful occupational activities, that influences his performance areas and bring about health and well-being within the context of adaptable environment fit for David. Client centred practice originally evolved in psychology. It combines with systems approach, environmental theory and research into flow by Csikszentmihalyi to provided CMOP with a broad interdisciplinary base of knowledge [1][3][4]. He buttresses on exploration of flow, the subjective psychological state that occurs when we are totally adsorbed in an activity. He found that flow state involves feeling good, exceedingly motivated and being in the zone. During flow, concentration can be so intense that there is loss of self-consciousness a transitory reprieve from ones worries; flow also promotes self -esteem, life satisfaction and the aptitude to cope with stress. This is contrary to the concept of occupational balance which is a more complex and holistic concept related to balance in life style and tasks. Balance is about the relationship between a person ,their occupations and their worlds.The models national development is a unique feature and so CMOP does not reflect the views of any one individual. However while some assume the model has no cultural bias and adaptation has been encouraged, little research has been conducted into the efficacy of its application in non western societies [10][11][12] APPLYING CMOP TO DAVID SELF CARE The initial process of occupational therapy assessment involves interviews with the David and his family to establish previously held life roles and the tasks and activities that were completed within these roles. Observational assessment is undertaken of personal self-care tasks, including showering, dressing, toileting, grooming, and eating, and domestic or instrumental tasks, including meal preparation, shopping, cleaning, laundry, and management of finances and medications. Establishing the level of assistance needed in each of these areas and Davids priorities will helps the occupational therapist target rehabilitation interventions appropriately and to measure progress towards Davids goals. Observation of activity limitations allows the occupational therapist to identify the impairments that underpin these limitations, including the motor, sensory and cognitive impact of stroke. (Rowland, 2008) PRODUCTIVITY Davis was a fulltime fireman fighter before the stroke assessment regarding return to work commences in the acute setting. The occupational therapist gathers a history of the patients occupation, i.e., job duties (frequency and duration) and work conditions (hours, environment, etc.). Using the results of assessment of the sensorimotor, cognitive, visual-perceptual, and psychological abilities of the patient, the occupational therapist with the help of vocational rehabilitation therapist will considers David feasibility of returning to work, also conduct a workplace assessment and negotiate a graded return to work hours an duties (Trombly, 2002). Leisure: David before the stroke engages in leisure activities he was a football fan and a football coach these are highly social activities that brings about his social inclusion. David derives joy, fulfilment relaxation, excitement, and stimulation. An occupational therapist will seek for ways to reengage him in these activities to enhance other areas of occupational performance. CLIENT CENTRED CMOP is propagates client centeredness which promotes interdependent collaborative relationship between clients and therapist, outcome measure enabling client to rate importance, performance and satisfaction with self -care productivity and leisure activities they need to, want to, or are expected to. Consequently, an occupational therapist together with David will formulate the following achievable outcome as long-term goals: David to gain increased somatosensory perception and will employ compensatory strategies order to perform ADL safely; David will gain strength, endurance, and control of movement in upper extremity in order to use this during performance of ADL due to the fact that he is presently unable to move his right upper and lower limbs. It also includes how David can improve motor planning ability in order to relearn old methods or relearn new methods of performing ADL. EVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION Occupational therapist is more worried about how David will function effectively and independently in the home environment and to access the community. The occupational therapist will evaluate the need for a home assessment, taking into consideration the environmental barriers, specific impairments, risk of falls, and the needs of the patient/carer. The purpose of the assessment is to establish whether it is safe for David to return to their pre-stroke environment or see how the environment could be adapted to fit David.The assessment involves observing Davids ability to physically negotiate his environment and perform his usual activities. For instance, the occupational therapist may assess Davids ability to safely transfer from their bed or toilet, move on his wheel chair freely within the house, and cook within his kitchen OT APPLICATION TO STROKE The implications of stroke are extremely varied and may include difficulties in motor ability, perceptual-cognitive skills, emotional reactions and social functioning. Occupational therapists look beyond these health conditions and analyse the impact of an individuals specific pattern of component of problems on occupational performance (Molineux, 2004). For instance the left cerebral hemisphere, which is affected in the case of David, controls most functions on the right side of his body because of the decussating of motor fibres in the medulla. The stroke incidence in the case of David may produce symptoms discussed below: Vision and Visual Perception Stroke can also result in blind spot in the visual field usually on the right side to correct this, David will have to gain visual function or will employ compensatory strategies in order to resume previously performed ADL. Occupational therapists routinely screen for visual-perceptual impairments such as agnosia; visuospatial relations problems, eg, figure-ground, body scheme disorders, depth perception, and unilateral neglects, and impairments in constructional skills. [14] Other neurobehavioral changes, including praxis and acalculia, are commonly assessed in conjunction with visual-perceptual screening following a left hemisphere stroke. Occupational therapists will work on Visual and perceptual impairments in David by retraining in specific skills, teaching compensation techniques, substitution of unimpaired skills, or adapting the task or environment. [1] Methods will include visual scanning training [55] to assist David with a hemianopia or neglect to locate items more accurately within his house. The depth perception problems in David may be encouraged to hold the handrail for additional proprioceptive cues to safely negotiate stairs, as well as to pace themselves and go more slowly down a flight of stairs. The praxis condition of David [56] or motor planning problems affecting one upper limb may initially practice a range of remediation techniques involving feedback, cueing, and functional repetitive practice to overcome the impairment. If Davids impairment of the stroke-affected hand is resistant to remediation methods, the occupational therapist may teach Daivd to compensate by using the other, unaffected, upp er limb for tasks requiring greater precision such as gardening that he loves to do or washing his car, thus increasing the patients level of independence. Memory and Cognition The impact of the stroke on Davids memory, cognition, and executive skills can significantly affect his ability to participate in a rehabilitation program and to complete personal, domestic, leisure, and work-related tasks. [21] Difficulty in initiating regular tasks such as been a fire fighter, coaching his foot ball team, washing his car, gardening activities as he use to do before even socialising with the member of his community or preparing breakfast, or impulsiveness that poses safety risks for the individual are practical examples of the effects of these impairments. Sensory, Motor, and Upper Limb Function Occupational therapy interventions will address Davids changes in motor power, muscle tone, sensory loss, motor planning/praxis, fine motor coordination, and hand function, with the aim of regaining upper limb control and function. Daily upper limb movement facilitation and positioning, massage, elevation, and compression were employed to address muscle weakness and edema of the left upper limb. Education was provided for safety in the care of his arm and practical training in one-handed methods of completing daily tasks, including dressing, grooming, and eating. The occupational therapist will also assess Davids ability to plan, implement, and problem-solve tasks like making a simple meal, The OT may recommend the installation of grab rails in the shower and toilet, removal of a shower screen that limited safe access, purchase of a shower stool for seated showering as his balance remained impaired, and purchase of a lounge chair of a suitable height. Safely administering medications or prescribing a wheeled mobility tray for transporting meals and using the telephone to call for assistance. If David does not have the capacity to get out of bed, the occupational therapist trains family to safely operate an electric hoist or wheelchair. OT will continuously educate the patient and family members on the treatment program, this is essential for the smooth transition to his discharge. An occupational therapist will need to consult with a social worker to help David and his family apply for Medicaid or other support, establish if it is financially possible to consult others professionals. His cognitive impairment can be assessed during evaluation and treatment of occupational performance by focusing on the adaptive abilities of planning, judgment, problem solving and initiation. Depression is common with lesions in the left hemisphere as compared with the right hemisphere resulting in outbursts, anger or frustration when he cannot perform tasks that he was used to. These responses can further result in impaired personal interactions, inability to perform social and leisure activities or roles, and eventual experience social isolation. Emotional Counselling: Prior to Davids stroke, he and Helen both had clearly defined traditional roles in the family. One potential issue for the family unit, now that David is likely to require a long period of rehabilitation at home, will there be tension between him and Helen due to extreme role reversal? Have a full time worker and David believing that a man must be the breadwinner for his family. If not managed correctly, this tension could have repercussions on the childrens adjustment and could trigger feelings of guilt, isolation and resentment within Helen and Davids relationship. In order to avoid this, and to ensure maximum family unity, communication on coping strategies for the whole family is crucial. Openness between all family members about the severity of the illness, coping strategies, a were in this together attitude, adjustments to daily life and incorporating care into it are just a few things which will help quell feelings of anxiety, fear, depression and resent fulness. Therapeutic use of leisure could be employed to organise activities that provide social interaction, pleasure, entertainment, or diversion like taking for a football match, knowing well that David is very sociable and has great passion for football. Leisure is a medium through which a person is able to learn and rehearse a wide range of skills that will enable him to respond appropriately and adaptively in different situations. Conclusion To make available an activity to pass time or do a work out on a limb is not very complicated, but to facilitate an individual to engage in an activity that has purpose and meaningful for a client, and which help out in the improvement of performance skills, is the utmost art of the occupational therapist (Creek, 1998,p.27). Hence, an attempt has been made to focus on applying occupational therapy concepts, which is engagement of occupation and meaningful activities to enhance occupational performance as it relates to Davids health condition. Research has demonstrated that stroke survivors with a positive self-efficacy report higher quality of life and fewer depressive symptoms (Robinson-smith, 2002b). CMOP model was applied as relevant evidence base.